JADAWALIN HALITTU (Taxonomy)

 

SCIENCE IN HAUSA: Episode 6

Jadawalin Haliitu (Taxonomy)

A tattare damu akwai halittu masu kamanni kusan daya amma da halayya daban-daban. Misalin hakan shine kazar gida da kuma mikiya, ko tumaki da awaki, ko kuma maciji da kadangare, ko mutane da birai. Wannan kashin zai bamu damar tattauna abubuwan da suke rarrabe halittu ta fuskar dabi'a da kamanni. Wannan ilmin shi akewa lakabi da TAXONOMY a harshen Turanci.

A cikin karni na Goma Sha Shida (1700s) a nahiyar Turai aka samu wani masanin komiyya mai suna Carolus Linneaus wanda ya kirkiro da tsarin jadawalin haliitu wato Taxonomy. Wannan jadawalin yana fasalta yanda kowacce hallita take ne tattare da dabi'un data kebanta dasu. Nayi kokarin tattara wannan bayanan daga littafin Carolus mai suna SYSTEMA NATURÆ kamar haka;

Jadawalin Haliitu yana ta'allakane da ilmin Homology; ilmin dabi'u daga zuri'ar halittu da suka shude. Ana amfanin da tsarin binomial nomenclature ne wajen kebanta sunaye ga halittu cikin sauki. Wadannan raba-raben sun kasu kashi biyar kamar haka;

1- Animalia (Dabbobi da Mutane)

2- Bacteria (Kwayoyin backteriya)

3- Protista (Kwayoyin firotista)

4- Fungi (Kwayoyin fungai)

5- Plants (Tsirrai)

Dukkan wadannan halittun ana danganta rabuwarsu zuwa kashi biyune. Akwai tsarin rabuwa ta launin zuri'a ko nasaba da kuma tsarin rabuwa ta launin ginshikin rai wato cell ko kuma Domain System.

Fannin Nasaba ya kasu zuwa;

- Phylum (Asali)

- Class (Aji)

- Order (Tsari: na siffa)

- Genus (Zuri'a)

- Species (Dangi)

Wannan tsarine dayake baiwa mai bincike damar bambance halittun ta fannin danginsu da zuri'a; abinda ya shafi tsarin rayuwarsu, da mazauni da kuma tsarin haihuwa dana kiwo. Misali shine dan Adam ya fado a Genus din Homo (masu tafiya a tsaye da kafafu biyu) amma kuma a Species na Sapiens. Hakan yasa ake kiran mutum da Homo sapien; a lura da cewa Genus yana daukar babban harafi wurin rubutu yayinda specie ke daukar karamin harafi.

Tsarin Domain System kuwa yana tafiya ne da yanayin dabi'a ta cells. Anan ana rabe halittun ne izuwa bangarori biyu ko uku; akwai Archea, Bacteria da kuma Eukaryotes. Da archea da bacteria suna daukene da ginshikin rai guda guda wato single cellular ne su din; ana masu lakabi da Prokaryotes.Sun siffantu da yaduwa fiye da dan Adam. A kalla a tafin hannun mutum ana samun miliyoyin Kwayoyin backteriya. Prokaryotes sunada bangwaye kewaye da cells dinsu sannan ginannun kwakwale dake basu damar tunani kamar sauran halittu. 

Eukaryotes kuma sune masu ginshikin rai biyu wato multicellular. A wannan yankin ne mutane suka fado. Eukaryotes sunada ginannun kwakwalwa da kuma tsarin narkar da abinci ta hanyar narkaswa (digestion) sannan ginshikin rayukansu wato cells basuda bango. 

A takaice wannan kadanne daga tarin ilmkn dake tattare da Jadawalin Haliitu. Akwai wadansu bayanan da a gaba zamuyi magana akansu inshaa Allah. Ina matukar godiya da goyon bayanku gareni. Wassalam.

© Mubarak MS Jigirya

    25/07/2021