JIMA (Tanning)

 

SCIENCE IN HAUSA: Episode 8

Jima (Turanci: Tanning Chemistry) wani nau'ine na kimiyya da yake samar da kirgi daga fatun dabbobin da muke yankawa domin ci da hadiya; kamar a Sallah Babba data gabata. Wannan kashin zai bamu damar ninkaya cikin ilmin sarrafa fatun dabbobi domin samar da kirgin da ake mana takalma, angara, kujeru da kuma suturu da sauransu.

Yayin da aka kwabe fata daga jikin dabba anso a zuba mata wani yanki na gishiri domin tsayar da barnar kwayoyin halittun bakteriya masu sanyata wari da lalacewa. Wannan gishirin yana dauke danshin jikin fatar saboda kasantuwar gishiri sinadari mai tsotse danshi. Bayan hakan anso a bazata saboda samun wadatacciyar iska; ana iya fara sarrafata a take idan ba'a da niyyar ajiyeta na tsawon lokaci.

Abu na farko a Majema (Turanci: Tannery) shine ware wadannan fatu a mazaunan kanana ko manya, cikakku da jemammu a matakin geometry; wannan akewa lakabi da "grading and selection" a harshen Turanci. Bayan anyi hakan sai ayi kokarin dawo da danshin da wadannan fatu suka rasa yayin da aka sanya masu gishiri domin killacesu. Wannan fasahar itace "soaking" wato tsima fatar cikin ruwa da kuma wanke gishirin jikinta. A wani yanayin akan hada da sinadarin detergent wato kamar omo ko klin domin rage daudar jikinta. Anso abar fatun su tsimu tsawon kwana guda.

Abu na gaba bayan an auna nauyin fatun shine sabule gashin jikinsu da sinadarin Sodium Sulphide (Na2S) da kuma ruwa; ana kiran hakan da "unhairing" a Turanci. Bayan an sabule gashin jikin fatun (Kirgi launin suede da kuma hair-on leathers basa bukatar cire gashin, musamman ma hair-on leather) sai kuma a tsima fatun cikin sinadarin lime wato calcium carbonate/calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) domin kumburo da hypodermis da epidermis (Duba rubutana akan Fata domin karin bayani). Abun bukata shine dermis saboda anan zaren collagen yake wanda shine abu mafi muhimmanci wurin samar da kirgi. Anso fata ta tsimu cikin lime na tsawon awanni 24.

Bayan an tsameta daga lime sai a cire tsokar da take tattare a jikin fatun wadanda suka manne yayin fida. Daga wannan kuma sai ayi kokarin cire wancan lime din da aka sanya da sinadarin ammonium sulphate ((NH4)2SO4); wannan yana fitar da ruwa mai yawa da kuma lime da yake cikin fatar. Yanada muhimmanci a samu budewar kofofin gashi, saboda hakane ma ake amfani da kafaffun bakteriya (sterilized bacteria) dake cikin garin bate powder domin su cinye kananun gashin da yayi saura; ana kiran hakan da "bating". Bayan nan sai a wanke.

Abu na gaba kuma mai muhimmanci shine "pickling" ko kuma "drenching", anan zanyi wasu bayanai masu muhimmanci; Fata tana daukene da wani nau'in ion da akewa lakabi da zwitterions wadanda suke daukeda caji na dama da hauni wato positive and negative charges. Akwai Carboxylic group (COOH) mai daukar dama (+) da kuma amines (NH2) masu daukan hauni (-) a cikin fata. Ta wannan hanyar ne sinadarin jimar yake samawa kansa gurbi jikin collagen. 

-Pickling ana yinsa ne da ruwa, gishiri (NaCl) da acid mai karfi kamar sulphuric acid (H2SO4) domin shirya fatar ta fuskanci jima. Pickling yana shirya zwitterions ne domin shigowar sinadari mai daukeda caji na dama (+) kamar karafa daga jadawalin elements (Periodic Table of Elements) wadanda suka hada da Chromium, Zirconium, Titanium ko Aluminum.

-Drenching kuma ana yinsa ne da ruwa, gishiri da kuma acid marar karfi kamar Formic acid (HCOOH) domin shirya zwitterions su fuskanci sinadarai masu cajin hauni (-) wadanda ake kira da tannins. Wadannan tannins din suna samuwa ne daga cikin tsirrai kamar dalbejiya (Azadirachta indica: neem), bagaruwa (Acacia nilotica), Shuwaka (Vernonia amygdalina) da sauransu.

Zamu cigaba a kashi na gaba inshaa Allah.

© Mubarak MS Jigirya

    31/07/2021