KWAYAR HALITTA (THE CELL)

 SCIENCE IN HAUSA: EPISODE 13

Kowacce halitta walau mutum, dabba ko tsirrai suna tattare ne da wasu kananun ginshikai wadanda sune tushen gabobi da kuma tsokar jikinsu. Wadannan abubuwa sune kwayar halittu (Turanci: Cell or Cells) wadanda sune ginshikan kowacce siffar kowacce halitta. Sunada kankatar da ido baya iya ganinsu face da na'urar hangen nesa (microscope).

Kwayar halitta/halittu (daga yanzu KH) sune mafi kankantar siffa a jikin kowacce rai. A jikin mutum kadai akan samu KH kimanin trillion 50; a jikin yatsa ana iya samun kimanin miliyan 10. Yayinda a jikin silin gashi guda ana iya jera KH guda 10 saboda kankantarsu. Misalin KH da akan iya gani da ido itace kwaiduwa (egg yolk) wanda KH ce guda mai zaman kanta.

Amfanin KH sun hada da samar da kuzari da kuma sinadaran gina jiki. KH ta kashi izuwa kashi biyu; 

1- Eukaryotic: Wadannan ana samunsu ne a jikunan mutane da tsirrai. KH din eukaryotic suna tattare da kayan ciki (Organelles) wadanda suke kunshe da wadansu abubuwa dayawa da suke tafiyar da rayuwar KH din.

2- Prokaryotic: Wadannan KH din sune masu zaman kansu kamar bakteriya da makamantansu. KH din prokaryotic basuda kayan ciki amma suna dauke da bayanan halitta (DNA).

A jikin kowacce KH ana samun siriryar fata (membrane) wacce take raba abun ciki dana bai. Akwai kuma cytoplasm wanda a cikinsa sauran tsoka suke manne cikin danko, sai kuma sinadaran da yake dauke da bayanan halitta wato DNA. 

Kayan cikin KH (Organelles) suna kunshe da wasu abubuwa masu muhimmanci kamar;

1- Kundu (Nucleus): Wannan wata tsokace wacce itace tsakiyar KH mai dauke da bayanan halitta zagaye da wasu zarruka (chromatin). Wannan kundun shine yake da alhakin samar da sinadaran ribosomes; sune masu fitar da sinadaran gina jiki ta cikin kwanson kudun (nucleolus). Ana samun ribosomes manne a cikin bangon kundun KH da ake kira da endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Wannan bangon ya sake kasuwa izuwa biyu kamar haka;

i- Mara Taushi (Rough ER); jikinsa ribosomes suke.

ii- Mai Taushi (Smooth ER)

Yayin da KH taso rabuwa gida biyu sai sinadaran gina jiki su fito daga cikin kundunta tattare da bayanan halitta. Bayan fitowarsu sai su tafi izuwa wata babbar tsoka da ake kira Golgi Apparatus ko Golgi Body; anan ne ake lullube sinadaran da sukari da kuma kitse. Sannan anan ne ake sauya siffar sinadaran izuwa launin da KH din zata amfana dasu.

2- Vacuole: Wannan tsokar ana samunta ne jikin KH din tsirrai kadai. Amfaninta shine adana ruwa.

3- Lysosome: Tsokar da takeda alhakin fitar da dauda da tarkace a cikin KH din dabbobi kenan. Amfaninta shine fitar da sinadaran da KH din bata bukata.

4- Mitochondria: KH tana bukatar kuzari domin gudanar da ayyuka. Wannan tsokar itace da alhakin numfashin KH ta want yanayi da ake kira cellular respiration; ta hakan ake samar da sinadaran kuzari na ATP domin karfafa KH. 

5- Cytoskeleton: Domin adana siffa, kowacce halitta tana bukatar kwarangwal. Cytoskeleton shine da alhakin adana siffar KH a ciki da bai. 

6- Flagella: KH kamar na maniyyi, bakteriya da kuma huhun dan Adam sunada wutsiya wacce suke motsawa da ita cikin sauki. 

Chloroplast: Tsirrai suna samun rinin jikinsu da kuma karfine ta hanyar tsotsan zafin rana. Wannan KH din itace da alhakin adana zafin ranar da juyashi izuwa abincin tsirran tareda taimakon chlorophyll; ana yiwa hakan lakabi da 'photosynthesis'. KH tsirrai sunada bangwaye ne sabanin siraran fatu kamar na dabbobi. 

Wadannan kadanne daga cikin tarin bayanan da suke tattare da kwayoyin halittu. Mai karatu zai fadada binciki domin samun wasu bayanan da dama.

*Ma'anar Kalmomi

Kuzari - Energy

Sukari - Carbohydrate

Sinadarin Gina Jiki - Protein

Bayan Halitta - DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

Siraran Fatu - Membrane

Bango - Cell Wall

Kundu/Tsakiya - Nucleus

Danko - Jelly

Organelles - Kananun Kayan Ciki

Sinadarin Kuzari - Adenosine Triphosphate

Photosynthesis - Juya zafin rana izuwa abincin tsirrai

Na gode.

©Mubarak MS Jigirya

September 16, 2021