KWAYAR ZARRA (THE ATOM)

 SCIENCE IN HAUSA: EPISODE 12

Dauki dutse guda kayi ta farfasashi; nasan zai kai matakin da bazaka iya fasashi ba saboda ya zama gari. Da zaka iya tattaro wannan garin ka hadeshi zaka samu dutsen ya dawo siffarsa. Wannan garin dauke yake da wasu kananun bangorai da ido baya iya gani; ana kiransu da kwayar zarra.

Kwayar Zarra ((daga yanzu KZ) Turanci; Atom) itace mafi kankantar kowanne burbushi (element). Wadannan burbushi sune ginshikan kowacce siffa dake kewaye damu kamar duwatsu, iska, ruwa da makamantansu.

Cikin kowanne burbushi akwai KZ wacce take kebanta da wasu halayya mabambantan juna. Tattare da kowacce KZ akwai wasu kananun ginshikai da sune suke dauke da halayyar burbushin KZ din; ana masu lakabi da sub-atomic particles a Turance. Wadannan ginshikan sun hada da protons, neutrons da electrons.

-Proton: Wannan shine yake dauke da cajin dama (+) kuma da shine ake danganta mazaunin kowanne burbushi a Jadawalin Burbushi (Periodic Table of Elements). Adadin yawan protons na kowacce KZ shine yake bawa burbushinta zama a kebabben gurbi a Jadawalin; ana kiran hakan da Atomic number. Atomic number dinnan itace adadin yawan kowanne proton na KZ din kowanne burbushi. Misali, burbushin Hydogen shine na 1 a jadawalin saboda proton dinsa guda, Helium shine na 2 da protons biyu, Chromium shine na ashirin da hudu saboda protons dinsa 24, da makamantansu. Abun lura shine; kowanne burbushi zaman dindindin yakeyi a gurbinsa saboda adadin protons ya kebanta ga kowanne kuma baya canzawa. 

- Neutron: Wannan wani ginshiki na marar caji da yake cikin KZ. Wannan neutron din shine yake dauke da nauyin kowacce KZ din burbushin ta hanyar gamayya da protons. Ana kiran hakan da Atomic Mass; wato adadin yawan protons da neutrons din kowacce KZ din burbushi. Idan muka dauki misali zamuga cewa burbushi daban-daban a Jadawalin Burbushi sunada nauyi mabambanta: Sodium (Na) yanada atomic mass 22 wanda hakan yake nuni ga yawan protons da neutrons dinsa duk da atomic number dinsa 11; idan ka zabge 11 daga 22 zai baka 11 wanda hakan shine adadin neutrons din Sodium. Flourine (F) yanada nauyin atomka mass 18, Carbon (C) yanada 12, da makamantansu.

Abun lura: da protons da neutrons dukkansu suna cikin kundun KZ ne da akewa lakabi da Nucleus. Wannan kundun ya hade wadannan ginshikan biyune da wasu sinadarai da ake kira quarks da gluons.

- Electron: Ginshiki na karshe shine electron mai dauke da cajin hauni (-). Shi electron ana samunsa ne a wajen kundun KZ akan wasu kawanyoyi da akewa lakabi da orbitals. Electron yana zagaya kawanyar da yake kai da gudu na kimanin kilomita 2,200 a cikin dakika guda (2,200 KM/Second) wanda yayi daidai da zagaye Duniya cikin dakika 18. Electrons sune ake musaya dasu yayin da KZ din kowanne burbushi zatayi hadaka (reaction) da wata KZ din. 

KZ ta samo asaline daga Malamin Farsafa na kasar Girka (Greece) mai suna Democritus a cikin karni na Hudu kafin zuwan Annabi Isah (AS). Yayiwa kwayar zarra lakabi da atomos; ma'ana abinda ido baya iya gani. Bayan shudewar zamani an samu Malaman kimiyya irinsu Jabir ibn Hayyan daya kawo ilmin rabe-raben burbushi (separation techniques) daya tabbatar da wanzuwar KZ ta hanyar gamaya wurin samar da sabbin sinadarai (compounds). Bayansa John Dalton yazo ya kawo matashiyar farko akan KZ;

1- Cewa duk wata siffa tattare take da kananun bangorai mafi kankanta da ake kira kwayar zarra.

2- Cewa kowacce KZ ta wani kebabben burbushi tanada bambanci da KZ din wani burbushi.

3- Cewa KZ biyu ko fiye na mabambantan burbushi suna haduwa su samar da sabon sinadari (compound). Kuma KZ din kowanne burbushi tattare yake da kamanni iri daya da adadi iri daya.

4- Cewa yayin hadaka (chemical reaction) ana samun rabe-rabe, shiryawa da kuma gamayya ta KZ  dayawa. Sannan ba'a iya kirkira ko rushe kwayar zarra. 

Tsawon lokaci a haka aka gina ilmin Kyamistiri kafin a samu cigaba a gano cewa ana iya raba kwayar zarra zuwa kashi mafi kankanta. Zamu tattauna wannan a gaba.

*Ma'anar Kalmomi:

Kwayar zarra - Atom

Burbushi - Element

Hadaka - Reactions

Kundu - Nucleus

Cajin Dama - Positive Charge

Cajin Hauni - Negative Charge

Wannan kadan kenan daga cikin tarin ilmin kwayar zarra. Nayi wannan matashiyar ne domin samun damar dorawa akan ayyukan da zasu zo a gaba ta bangaren ilimin Kyamistiri (Chemistry). Godiya mara adadi da irin goyon bayanku a wannan aikin.

Na gode.

© Mubarak MS Jigirya

September 03, 2021