DANYEN MAI (Crude Oil)

 SCIENCE IN HAUSA: EPISODE 15

Mukan wayi gari da karar ababen hawa tattare da hayaki daga cikin magunarsu. Wannan hayakin ya kasu izuwa kaso daban daban bisa nau'in abinda kowacce na'ura walau ta mota, babur ko injin lantarki (generator) suke samarwa. Ko kuma irin wanda muke fitarwa daga madafa a cikin tukwanen gas ko murhun zamani mai aiki da kalanzir. Duk wadannan launin hayakin sun samo asaline daga wani bakin ruwa mai daraja da akewa lakabi da DANYEN MAI.

Danyen mai (Turanci: Crude Oil) wani irin nau'ine na ruwa mai launin baki da ake hakowa daga karkashin kasa; walau akan tsandauri ko kuma ta karkashin ruwan teku. A kiyasi na ilmin kimiyya, danyen mai ya samu ne daga matattun halittun ruwa (marine life) da suka dade da mutuwa milyoyin shekaru a baya. Wadannan matattun halittu sun narkene izuwa danyen mai bayan matsi da kuma narkon zafi daya motsesu tsawon lokaci.

Tsawon lokaci, danyen mai ya zamto a kwance ne tsakanin duwatsu wadanda basa barin ruwa ya ratsa ta cikinsu. A zahirance, danyen mai yana karkashin kasane tattare da ruwa a cikin duwatsun da suke adanashi; ana masu lakabi da "reservoir rocks" saboda tarin danyen mai da suke adanawa. Wannan danyen man kunshe yake da burbushin carbon da hydrogen wadanda sune suka samar da tushensa. A wani lokacin akan samu danyen man dauke da sulphur, oxygen da nitrogen hade da burbushin carbon dinsa.

Danyen mai yanada kauri matuka saboda dankon cikinsa; wannan yanada nasaba ne da tarin gamayyar kwayoyin zarrar carbon da suke tattare a cikinsa ne. Yayin da aka tabbatar da wanzuwar danyen mai a wuri ta hanyoyi kamar na seismograph da sauransu, akan haka rijiyoyi domin zukoshi izuwa cikin ma'adinai ta hanyar bututu ko magudanai; sannan a aika dashi izuwa matatun danyen mai domin sarrafawa da tacewa. A wasu lokutan akanyi hakan ne ta jiragen kasa, jiragen ruwa ko kuma ababen hawa masu manyan ma'adinai (tankers).

A tsari, akan tantance danyen mai ne izuwa kashi biyu;

1- Mai zaki: Wannan shine danyen mai wanda yake dauke da kasa da kashi 0.7% na burbushin sulphur. Kuma wannan shine mafi inganci daga dangin danyen mai.

2- Mai daci: Wannan kuma shine danyen mai mai dauke da fiye da kashi 0.7% na burbushin sulphur. Hakan yana bukatar tacewa mai tsawo kafin a samar da ingantattun sinadarai.

Bayan nan akan duba nauyinsa da ma'aunin API° (American Petroleum Institute) da kuma adadin yawan sinadarin asid din cikinsa (Total Acid Number). Duk wannan anayi ne domin samun ingantattun sinadarai daga cikin danyen man.

Abu na gaba shine tacewa ta hanyar tsabtataccen kashi (Fractional Distillation); wannan ya kunshi rarrabe wasu nau'ikan sinadarai daga cikin danyen man ta hanyar dafawa da zafin daya kai har 370°C domin rarrabe sinadaran cikinsa bisa nauyi da zafin da suke iya dauka. Yayin da ake tafasa danyen man, mafi nauyi a cikinsa yakan kwanta a kasa yayin da marasa nauyi suke tashi izuwa saman tankin adana sinadaran. Kadan daga ciki a bisa tsarin nauyi sun hada da;

- Bitumen (Danko): wannan dankon dashi ake gina gwadabe saboda nauyinsa. Bitumen yanada rinjaye a tsarin yawan gamayyar kwayoyin zarrar carbon sannan yana daukar zafi har 350°C.

- Diesel: man manyan motoci da matsakaita.

- Kerosene: man madafa da kuma jiragen sama.

- Naphtha: wannan nau'in sinadarin ana amfani dashi wajen sarrafa robobi (polymers).

- Petrol: wato man fetir da ake amfani dashi a kananun motoci, babura da injinan wutar lantarki.

- Gas: iskar da ake amfani da ita wajen girki. Ana adanashi cikin tukwanen karfe a matse kuma bashida nauyi. Wadannan iskokin sun hada da methane, propane da butane; sukan kone a matakin dumin daki a 27°C.

Bayan wadanda akan samu sinadaran fetir (petrochemicals), wax na kyandir, man shafa (petroleum jelly) da sauransu. Babu abun yas wa cikin danyen mai; shiyasa akeyi masa lakabi da bakin zinare (black gold). Najeriya tana daga cikin kasashen Duniya masu arzikin danyen mai mai zaki (sweet well) wanda mafi girman ma'adinan suke Kudu maso Kudu na kasar. Sai dai kuma masana kimiyya suna hasashen karewar wannan abu mai daraja a shekaru masu zuwa saboda matsuwa da hakarsa da akeyi.

Sannan kuma danyen mai da sinadaransu suna taimakawa wajen gurbata Duniya ta hanyar iskoki masu guba kamar CO da CFC da kuma malalar man akan ruwa wanda hakan yake lalata kasar noma da kuma kashe halittun ruwa.

*Ma'anar Kalmomi

Matata/Matatu - Refinery

Ma'adinai - Tanks/Reservoir

Gamayyar kwayoyin zarra - Molecules

CO - Carbon Monoxide

CFC - Chlorofluorocarbons

Tsabtataccen kashi - Fractional Distillation

Na gode.

© Mubarak MS Jigirya

6th November, 2021